A search for traces in the borderlands of the past Habsburg monarchy.
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| Ernst Stöhr's Vampire appeared in 1899 in the magazine Ver Sacrum |
Vienna, 1725: Emperor Charles VI, the last male scion of the House of Habsburg, reigns in the baroque capital. The emperor waged a successful war in the Balkans: seven years have passed since he wrested Slavonia (eastern Croatia), northern Serbia, the Banat of Timisoara (Hungary) and Little Wallachia (Romania) from the Turks. But the peace is an uneasy one. And it soon became clear that the crescent-shaped strip of conquered land is home to a plague that is to occupy the monarchy's scholars for the next 30 years.
In the summer days of 1725, a letter arrives at the Viennese court. The sender is an imperial military official responsible for the border district of Gradisca in Slavonia. He reports an unknown plague that has struck a village called Kisolova. Within eight days, nine people, old and young, died after a short illness. The official writes that bloodsucking dead people, "they call vampyri, "* are to blame for their rapid deaths.
A Slavonian vampire
The inhabitants of the Slavonian village of Kisolova are so called Wehrbauern. Farmers who settle on the fragile borders of the Habsburg Empire with the mission to defend the borderland against possible invading Ottomans until regular troops arrive. In return, they are exempt from serfdom and taxes. In his letter, the imperial official describes how he visits the village together with an Orthodox priest to get clarification about the deaths.
On the spot, an open grave and the three-month-old corpse of Peter Plogojewitz await him. The villagers were convinced that the corpse was responsible for the deaths by sucking the people's blood. The corpse did not emit the stench of decay, the skin was rosy, nails and hair had grown back, the official wrote in his report. For the border guards, this was an unmistakable sign that it was a vampire.
Neither by good coaxing nor by threats can the official and the clergyman prevent the execution of the corpse. A man drives a sharpened wooden stake into the dead man's heart, and blood gushes out of his nose, ears and mouth. The villagers then burn the corpse at the stake. In his letter, the official apologizes that he could not have prevented this deed. But the "rabble was beside himself with fear“ and would not have been able to dissuade from it. The case is documented and filed away.
Death on the Morava
Northern Serbia, 1731. In the last days of autumn, thirteen people die in the village of Medwegya within six weeks. The village is located on the Morava River, and the Heyducks living there are part of a militia company defending the imperial border against the Turks. The military command responsible for the region sends the imperial epidemiologist Glaser. He arrives in the village on December 12.
Glaser goes from house to house and examines the inhabitants, but cannot diagnose any epidemic except for fever, chest and side stitches, which he attributes to an excess in eating and drinking. On the other hand, the interviewees assure him that the people are dying because "the Vambyres, or Bluthseiger, are present“. The deaths will not end until the vampires are taken out of their graves and executed, the hajduks are convinced.
The doctor wants to get to the bottom of the matter. He has graves opened. Glaser is astonished when he finds the corpses in a state of undecayedness, the bodies swollen with fresh blood in the mouth, "which seems suspect to me myself," he admits. In his letter, Glaser supports the villagers' desire to stake the dead. So that the subjects have their way and do not abandon the village, as he argues. But between the lines hangs the doubt of the learned doctor, who cannot explain what he found in the damp earth of the village cemetery.
The military high command in Belgrade is concerned and orders a "chyrurgical visitation". On January 7, 1732, regimental sergeant Johann Flückinger arrives in the village of Medwegya. His investigations reveal that five years ago a man named Arnont Paule broke his neck falling from a hay cart. The latter had told during his lifetime that he had been attacked by a vampire in the Ottoman Empire.
The doctor wants to get to the bottom of the matter. He has graves opened. Glaser is astonished when he finds the corpses in a state of undecayedness, the bodies swollen with fresh blood in the mouth, "which seems suspect to me myself," he admits. In his letter, Glaser supports the villagers' desire to stake the dead. So that the subjects have their way and do not abandon the village, as he argues. But between the lines hangs the doubt of the learned doctor, who cannot explain what he found in the damp earth of the village cemetery.
Perplexed scholars
The military high command in Belgrade is concerned and orders a "chyrurgical visitation". On January 7, 1732, regimental sergeant Johann Flückinger arrives in the village of Medwegya. His investigations reveal that five years ago a man named Arnont Paule broke his neck falling from a hay cart. The latter had told during his lifetime that he had been attacked by a vampire in the Ottoman Empire.
About a month after the latter's death, villagers reported being plagued by Paule in their sleep. Soon after, these people died. The Heyducks then opened Paule's grave and found the body unbroken. From this they saw "that he was a real vampire" and, "according to their custom, drove a stake through his heart," according to Flückinger in his report. The four dead, for which the villagers believed Paule was responsible, they also dug up, staked, and burned in order to prevent them from returning as vampires as well.
Following the beliefs of the people Arnont Paule was therefore the first vampire in the village of Medwegya. After the 17 deaths of the past three months and the undecomposed corpses, the villagers are convinced "that there are again some vampyrs here". That same afternoon, the doctor has 16 graves opened and autopsies the bodies. Ten of them, the regimental sergeant will later testify, have been "in the vampire state" in their coffins. With regrown finger and toe nails, clothes and shrouds soaked with fresh blood flowing from ears, noses, mouths and genitals. He also found no evidence of disease.
"After the visitation, the heads of the vampires were cut off by the gypsies and burned along with their bodies, the ashes thrown into the Morova River," the doctor concluded his report.
Via Belgrade and Vienna the news of the vampire epidemic reaches the newspaper editors in Paris and London and the universities in Saxony and Thuringia, where it triggers lively discussions among scholars. In many of the books and treatises of the time "vampyrism" is not dismissed as a legend, but described as a disease.
Vienna, 1755: Emperor Charles VI has been resting in his sarcophagus in the Capuchin crypt for 15 years. His daughter Maria Theresa is now in charge of the monarchy. In January, news reaches the Viennese court that a vampiress has been staked and burned in Moravia (today's Czech Republic). The vampire tradition is also rooted in this region of the Habsburg monarchy: As early as 1731, nine vampires were burned at the stake near Olomouc, including seven children.
The enlightened monarch wants to put an end to the goings-on and commissions her personal physician Gerard van Swieten to shed light on the matter. In his vampirism pamphlet, he concludes that the phenomenon is due to natural causes such as fermentation processes and lack of air, which prevents decomposition. The dying, he says, was a result of epidemics later identified as anthrax or rabies. He writes that "all the noise comes from nothing but a vain fear, from a superstitious credulity, from a dark and agitated phantasy, simplicity and ignorance among that people".
Maria Theresa follows the insight of her personal physician and bans by decree the traditional defensive measures against vampires: beheading, impaling and burning corpses. Ten years later, vampirism is no longer discussed as a disease, but is relegated to the "history of superstition" section in encyclopedias.
While the vampire retreated from the everyday world of humans, he entered the world of literature and film with the beginning of the 19th century. From John Polidori's The Vampyre (1819) and Alexei Tolstoy's The Family of Wurdalak (1839) to Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897) and the film Nosferatu (1922), directed by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, to various Hollywood productions. The fascination with the creature from the grave has endured to this day.
* The quotes are taken from the book „Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689-1791“ by Klaus Hamberger. The letters and reports cited are preserved in the Hofkammerarchiv in Vienna.
Following the beliefs of the people Arnont Paule was therefore the first vampire in the village of Medwegya. After the 17 deaths of the past three months and the undecomposed corpses, the villagers are convinced "that there are again some vampyrs here". That same afternoon, the doctor has 16 graves opened and autopsies the bodies. Ten of them, the regimental sergeant will later testify, have been "in the vampire state" in their coffins. With regrown finger and toe nails, clothes and shrouds soaked with fresh blood flowing from ears, noses, mouths and genitals. He also found no evidence of disease.
"After the visitation, the heads of the vampires were cut off by the gypsies and burned along with their bodies, the ashes thrown into the Morova River," the doctor concluded his report.
Via Belgrade and Vienna the news of the vampire epidemic reaches the newspaper editors in Paris and London and the universities in Saxony and Thuringia, where it triggers lively discussions among scholars. In many of the books and treatises of the time "vampyrism" is not dismissed as a legend, but described as a disease.
The end of the vampire
Vienna, 1755: Emperor Charles VI has been resting in his sarcophagus in the Capuchin crypt for 15 years. His daughter Maria Theresa is now in charge of the monarchy. In January, news reaches the Viennese court that a vampiress has been staked and burned in Moravia (today's Czech Republic). The vampire tradition is also rooted in this region of the Habsburg monarchy: As early as 1731, nine vampires were burned at the stake near Olomouc, including seven children.
The enlightened monarch wants to put an end to the goings-on and commissions her personal physician Gerard van Swieten to shed light on the matter. In his vampirism pamphlet, he concludes that the phenomenon is due to natural causes such as fermentation processes and lack of air, which prevents decomposition. The dying, he says, was a result of epidemics later identified as anthrax or rabies. He writes that "all the noise comes from nothing but a vain fear, from a superstitious credulity, from a dark and agitated phantasy, simplicity and ignorance among that people".
Maria Theresa follows the insight of her personal physician and bans by decree the traditional defensive measures against vampires: beheading, impaling and burning corpses. Ten years later, vampirism is no longer discussed as a disease, but is relegated to the "history of superstition" section in encyclopedias.
The Afterglow
While the vampire retreated from the everyday world of humans, he entered the world of literature and film with the beginning of the 19th century. From John Polidori's The Vampyre (1819) and Alexei Tolstoy's The Family of Wurdalak (1839) to Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897) and the film Nosferatu (1922), directed by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, to various Hollywood productions. The fascination with the creature from the grave has endured to this day.
* The quotes are taken from the book „Mortuus non mordet. Kommentierte Dokumentation zum Vampirismus 1689-1791“ by Klaus Hamberger. The letters and reports cited are preserved in the Hofkammerarchiv in Vienna.
